{"id":4323,"date":"2025-02-06T19:14:30","date_gmt":"2025-02-06T19:14:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/all-languages-follow-this-pattern-so-does-humpback-whale-song\/"},"modified":"2025-02-06T19:14:30","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T19:14:30","slug":"all-languages-follow-this-pattern-so-does-humpback-whale-song","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/all-languages-follow-this-pattern-so-does-humpback-whale-song\/","title":{"rendered":"All Languages Follow This Pattern. So Does Humpback Whale Song."},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The English language is full of wonderful words, from \u201canemone\u201d and \u201caurora\u201d to \u201czenith\u201d and \u201czodiac.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But these are special occasion words, sprinkled sparingly into writing and conversation. The words in heaviest rotation are short and mundane. And they follow a remarkable statistical rule, which is universal across human languages: The most common word, which in English is \u201cthe,\u201d is used about twice as frequently as the second most common word (\u201cof,\u201d in English), three times as frequently as the third most common word (\u201cand\u201d), continuing in that pattern.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Now, an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.adq7055\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">has found<\/a> that the intricate songs of humpback whales, which can spread rapidly from one population to another, follow the same rule, which is known as Zipf\u2019s law.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The scientists are careful to note that whale song is not equivalent to human language. But the findings, they argue, suggest that forms of vocal communication that are complex and culturally transmitted may have shared structural properties.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe expect them to evolve to be easy to learn,\u201d said Simon Kirby, an expert on language evolution at the University of Edinburgh and an author of the new study. The results were published on Thursday in the journal Science.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe think of language as this culturally evolving system that has to essentially be passed on by its hosts, which are humans,\u201d Dr. Kirby added. \u201cWhat\u2019s so gratifying for me is to see that same logic seems to also potentially apply to whale song.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Zipf\u2019s law, which was named for the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, holds that in any given language the frequency of a word is inversely proportional to its rank.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">There is still considerable debate over why this pattern exists and how meaningful it is. But some research suggests that this kind of skewed word distribution can make language easier to learn<em class=\"css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0\">.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">If these word distributions evolved because they helped learning, scientists might also expect to find similar patterns in other complex, culturally transmitted communication systems. \u201cAnd whale song is a great place to look,\u201d<strong class=\"css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10\"> <\/strong>said Inbal Arnon, an expert on language acquisition at Hebrew University and an author of the new study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Male humpback whales sing long, elaborate songs, which are composed of a variety of sounds strung together in repeated phrases and themes. All the male whales in a particular humpback population sing the same song, but that song evolves over time \u2014 sometimes gradually and <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/08\/30\/science\/humpback-whale-songs-cultural-evolution.html\" title=\"\">sometimes all at once<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe have song revolutions, and that\u2019s when a song is introduced from a neighboring population,\u201d said Ellen Garland, an expert on humpback whale songs at the University of St. Andrews and an author of the new paper. \u201cSo the song type turns up, and then it completely takes over.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Precisely how that happens remains a mystery, and whale song researchers face a challenge that human language researchers don\u2019t: They\u2019re not native speakers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">So the scientists\u2019 first challenge was to divide the songs into meaningful units, determining where one \u201cword\u201d ended and another began. To do so, they used a quantitative approach inspired by human babies. Infants, research suggests, use basic statistical reasoning to identify discrete words in a continuous stream of human speech; syllables that occur together are likely to be part of the same word.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The researchers transformed humpback whale songs, recorded over eight years in the waters around New Caledonia, into long sequences of basic sound elements, including various types of squeaks, grunts, whistles, groans and moans. Then, they identified \u201csubsequences\u201d of sounds that frequently occurred together \u2014 such as a short ascending whistle followed by a squeak \u2014 and might be roughly analogous to a word.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The frequency with which these subsequences were used followed Zipf\u2019s law, the researchers found. In 2010, for instance, groan-groan-moan was the most common subsequence, appearing about twice as often as the next most common sequence, which was a moan followed by three ascending cries. The most frequently used subsequences were also generally shorter than the rarer ones.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Humans and humpback whales are not closely related, and whale song does not carry the same semantic meaning that human language does, Dr. Garland said. But both communication systems are culturally transmitted, learned from others in the community and passed down over the generations. \u201cSo this really points to the crucial role of learning and transmission in the emergence of structure,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Shane Gero, a marine biologist who was not involved in the research, said that he found the study \u201celegant\u201d and convincing. The results raise the possibility that linguistic laws derived from studies of human communication may actually be broader biological principles, he said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-5\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThe fact that maybe they generalize if we know enough and we study long enough, then that\u2019s really interesting,\u201d said Dr. Gero, who is a scientist-in-residence at Carleton University. \u201cAnytime we look deeper and listen longer, we find interesting complexity.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Indeed, the next step is to determine whether the phenomenon extends to other animals with similar communication systems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe should find these statistical properties in any culturally transmitted system of sequential signaling,\u201d Dr. Arnon said. \u201cSo we have bats to look at, we have songbirds to look at, we have elephants, maybe, to look at.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The findings dovetail with <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/sciadv.ads6014\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">another paper<\/a> published this week, which found that the vocalizations produced by 11 species of dolphins and whales follow one of the efficiency rules observed in human language. The rule, known as Menzerath\u2019s law, holds that the longer a sequence becomes, the shorter its individual components tend to be; long sentences, for instance, tend to have shorter words.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The study, which was published in Science Advances on Wednesday, documented this same pattern in a diverse array of cetaceans, including humpbacks, which produce melodic songs; sperm whales, <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/05\/07\/science\/whale-song-alphabet.html\" title=\"\">which issue sequences of clicks<\/a>; and bottlenose dolphins, which are known for their whistles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-6\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cRegardless of what their vocalizations are used for, they all seem to try to communicate as efficiently as they can,\u201d said Mason Youngblood, a postdoctoral researcher at Stony Brook University and the author of the study.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The pattern, which has also been documented in birds and nonhuman primates, may have evolved as a way to reduce the costs of communication.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThings like bird song and whale song are very hard to learn,\u201d Dr. Youngblood said. \u201cAnd then when you sing, it\u2019s very energetically costly. It can attract the attention of predators. And so because of that, you would expect communication systems to evolve to cut those costs wherever it\u2019s possible.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/02\/06\/science\/language-humpback-whale-song.html\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The English language is full of wonderful words, from \u201canemone\u201d and \u201caurora\u201d to \u201czenith\u201d and \u201czodiac.\u201d But these are special<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4324,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[267,667,1863,221,352,1864,1066,1862,225,188],"class_list":["post-4323","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-animal-behavior","tag-animals","tag-carleton-university","tag-language-and-languages","tag-music","tag-science-advances-journal","tag-voice-and-speech","tag-whales-and-whaling","tag-your-feed-animals","tag-your-feed-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>All Languages Follow This Pattern. 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