{"id":4077,"date":"2025-02-05T16:18:43","date_gmt":"2025-02-05T16:18:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/ancient-dna-points-to-origins-of-indo-european-language\/"},"modified":"2025-02-05T16:18:43","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T16:18:43","slug":"ancient-dna-points-to-origins-of-indo-european-language","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/ancient-dna-points-to-origins-of-indo-european-language\/","title":{"rendered":"Ancient DNA Points to Origins of Indo-European Language"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In 1786, a British judge named William Jones noticed striking similarities between certain words in languages, such as Sanskrit and Latin, whose speakers were separated by thousands of miles. The languages must have \u201csprung from some common source,\u201d he wrote.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Later generations of linguists determined that Sanskrit and Latin belong to a huge family of so-called Indo-European languages. So do English, Hindi and Spanish, along with hundreds of less common languages. Today, about half the world speaks an Indo-European language.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Linguists and archaeologists have long argued about which group of ancient people spoke the original Indo-European language. A new <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-024-08531-5\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">study<\/a> in the journal Nature throws a new theory into the fray. Analyzing a wealth of DNA collected from fossilized human bones, the researchers found that the first Indo-European speakers were a loose confederation of hunter-gatherers who lived in southern Russia about 6,000 years ago.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe\u2019ve been on the hunt for this for many years,\u201d said David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard who led part of the new research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Independent linguists had mixed reactions to the findings, with some praising their rigor and others highly skeptical.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Many decades ago, linguists began trying to reconstruct the proto-Indo-European language by looking at words shared by many different languages. That early vocabulary contained a lot of words about things like wheels and wagons, and few about farming. It looked like the kind of language that would have been spoken by nomadic herders who lived across the steppes of Asia thousands of years ago.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But in 1987, Colin Renfrew, a British archaeologist, questioned whether nomads who were constantly on the move would have stayed in any one place long enough for their language to catch on. He found it more plausible that early farmers in Anatolia (a region in what is now Turkey) spread the language as they expanded, gradually converting more and more land to farm fields and eventually building towns and cities.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The archaeologist argued that an Anatolian origin also fit the archaeological evidence better. The oldest Indo-European writing, dating back 3,700 years, is in an extinct language called Hittite, which was spoken only in Anatolia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In 2015, two teams of geneticists \u2014 one led by Dr. Reich \u2014 shook up this debate with <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/11\/24\/science\/agriculture-linked-to-dna-changes-in-ancient-europe.html\" title=\"\">some remarkable data<\/a> from ancient DNA of Bronze Age Europeans. They found that about 4,500 years ago, central and northern Europeans suddenly gained DNA that linked them with nomads on the Russian steppe, a group known as the Yamnaya.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dr. Reich and his colleagues suspected that the Yamnaya swept from Russia into Europe, and perhaps brought the Indo-European language with them.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In the new study, they analyzed a trove of ancient skeletons from across Ukraine and southern Russia. \u201cIt\u2019s a sampling tour de force,\u201d said Mait Metspalu, a population geneticist at the University of Tartu in Estonia who was not involved in the research.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Based on these data, the scientists argue that the Indo-European language started with the Yamnaya\u2019s hunter-gatherer ancestors, known as the Caucasus-Lower Volga people, or CLV.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The CLV people lived about 7,000 years ago in a region stretching from the Volga River in the north to the Caucasus Mountains in the south. They most likely fished and hunted for much of their food.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-5\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Around 6,000 years ago, the study argues, the CLV people expanded out of their homeland. One wave moved west into what is now Ukraine and interbred with hunter-gatherers. Three hundred years later, a tiny population of these people \u2014 perhaps just a few hundred \u2014 formed a distinctive culture and became the first Yamnaya.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Another wave of CLV people headed south. They reached Anatolia, where they interbred with early farmers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The CLV people who came to Anatolia, Dr. Reich argues, gave rise to early Indo-European languages like Hittite. (This would also fit with the early Indo-European writing found in Anatolia.) But it was their Yamnaya descendants who became nomads and carried the language across thousands of miles.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Some experts praised the work. \u201cIt\u2019s a very intelligent scenario that\u2019s difficult to criticize,\u201d said Guus Kroonen, a linguist at Leiden University in the Netherlands who was not involved in the studies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-6\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But Dr. Metspalu hesitated to jump from the new genetic data to firm conclusions about who first spoke Indo-European. \u201cGenes don\u2019t tell us anything about language, period,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">And Paul Heggarty, a linguist at Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, said that the DNA analysis in the study was valuable, but he rejected the new hypothesis about the first Indo-European speakers originating in Russia as \u201csmoke and mirrors.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In 2023, Dr. Heggarty and his colleagues published a <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.abg0818\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">study<\/a> arguing that the first Indo-Europeans were early farmers who lived over 8,000 years ago in the northern Fertile Crescent, in today\u2019s Middle East.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dr. Heggarty suggested that the CLV people actually belonged to a bigger network of hunter-gatherers that stretched from southern Russia into northern Iran. Some of them could have discovered farming in the northern Fertile Crescent, and then developed the Indo-European language, which would align with his findings.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">These early farmers could have given rise to Hittite speakers thousands of years later in Anatolia, he said, and later given rise to the Yamnaya. The Yamnaya brought Indo-European languages to northern and Central Europe, Dr. Heggarty argued, but they were only one part of a bigger, older expansion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-7\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">As the Indo-European debate advances, one thing is clear: Our understanding of its history now stands in stark contrast to the racist myths that once surrounded it. Nineteenth-century linguists called the original speakers of Indo-European Aryans, and some writers later pushed the notion that ancient Aryans were a superior race. The Nazis embraced the Aryan myths, using them to justify genocide.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But Dr. Reich said that studies on ancient DNA show just how bankrupt these Aryan stories were.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThere\u2019s all sorts of mixtures and movements from places that these myths never imagined,\u201d he said. \u201cAnd it really teaches us that there\u2019s really no such thing as purity.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/02\/05\/science\/indo-european-language-ancient-human-dna.html\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 1786, a British judge named William Jones noticed striking similarities between certain words in languages, such as Sanskrit and<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4078,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[1317,322,1757,221,1758,323,268,188],"class_list":["post-4077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-archaeology-and-anthropology","tag-fossils","tag-genetics-and-heredity","tag-language-and-languages","tag-nomadic-people","tag-paleontology","tag-research","tag-your-feed-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 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