{"id":24473,"date":"2025-05-09T13:06:47","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T13:06:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/a-decade-long-search-for-a-battery-that-can-end-the-gasoline-era\/"},"modified":"2025-05-09T13:06:47","modified_gmt":"2025-05-09T13:06:47","slug":"a-decade-long-search-for-a-battery-that-can-end-the-gasoline-era","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/a-decade-long-search-for-a-battery-that-can-end-the-gasoline-era\/","title":{"rendered":"A Decade-Long Search for a Battery That Can End the Gasoline Era"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">On a frigid day in early January, as she worked in her office in the Boston suburb of Billerica, Mass., Siyu Huang received a two-word text message.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cSpinning wheels,\u201d it said. Attached was a short video clip showing a car on rollers in an indoor testing center.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">To the untrained eye there was nothing remarkable in the video. The car could have been getting its emissions tested at a Connecticut auto repair shop (except it had no tailpipe). But to Ms. Huang, the chief executive of Factorial Energy, the video was a milestone in a quest that had already occupied a decade of her life.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Ms. Huang, her husband, Alex Yu, and their employees at Factorial had been working on a new kind of electric vehicle battery, known as solid state, that could turn the auto industry on its head in a few years \u2014 if a daunting number of technical challenges could be overcome.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">For Ms. Huang and her company, the battery had the potential to change the way consumers think about electric vehicles, give the United States and Europe a leg up on China, and help save the planet.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Factorial is one of dozens of companies trying to invent batteries that can charge faster, go farther, and make electric cars cheaper and more convenient than gasoline vehicles. Transportation is the biggest source of man-made greenhouse gases, and electric vehicles could be a potent weapon against climate change and urban air pollution.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The video that landed in Ms. Huang\u2019s phone was from Uwe Keller, the head of battery development at Mercedes-Benz, which had been supporting Factorial\u2019s research with money and expertise.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The short clip, of a Mercedes sedan at a research lab near Stuttgart, Germany, signaled that the company had installed Factorial\u2019s battery in a car \u2014 and that it could actually make the wheels move.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The test was an important step forward in a journey that had begun while Ms. Huang and Mr. Yu were still graduate students at Cornell University. Until then, all their work had been in laboratories. Ms. Huang was excited that their invention was venturing into the world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But there was still a long way to go. The Mercedes with a Factorial battery hadn\u2019t yet been taken out on the road. That was the only place the technology really mattered.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Many start-ups have produced solid-state battery prototypes. But no American or European carmaker has put one into a production vehicle and proved that the technology could survive the bumps, vibrations and moisture of the streets. Or if any have, they have kept it a secret.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In late 2023, Mr. Keller, a veteran Mercedes engineer, proposed to Ms. Huang that they try.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe\u2019re car guys,\u201d Mr. Keller said later. \u201cWe believe in things really moving.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-1u37br4 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-380da5ed\">Roots in China<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Ms. Huang stands out in a niche dominated by men from Silicon Valley. Some brag about their 100-hour workweeks; she believes in a good night\u2019s sleep. \u201cHaving a clear mind to make the right decision is more important than how many hours you work,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">She is approachable and laughs easily, but also projects determination. She works from a sparsely decorated office in Billerica that looks out on a patch of forest crossed by power lines. The furnishings include a plain black bookcase, stocked with a few technical volumes, that she inherited from a previous tenant. Her diplomas from Cornell \u2014 a Ph.D. in chemistry and a master\u2019s in business administration \u2014 hang on the wall.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Ms. Huang grew up in Nanjing, China, where she was in an elementary school program that had her gather environmental data. The program instilled an interest in chemistry and an awareness of the vehicle exhaust and industrial pollution choking Nanjing\u2019s air. She realized, she recalled, that \u201cwe need to grow a planet that\u2019s healthier for human beings.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In a dormitory at Xiamen University on China\u2019s southern coast, where she studied chemistry, she saw an advertisement for a Swedish exchange program. After spending two years there, she and Alex, whom she had known since they were students in China, were both accepted to doctoral programs in Cornell\u2019s chemistry department. She arrived in Ithaca, N.Y., in 2009 with $3,000, which she had managed to save from her Swedish scholarship. They have both since become U.S. citizens.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">They were star students, said H\u00e9ctor Abru\u00f1a, a professor at Cornell known for his research in electrochemistry. He still has a picture on his office bookshelf of himself with Mr. Yu and Ms. Huang in their commencement robes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">With an idea that grew out of Dr. Abru\u00f1a\u2019s lab and some seed money from the State of New York, Mr. Yu and Ms. Huang founded the company that later became Factorial while she was still completing her business degree.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-5\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThey are extremely dedicated and extremely bright,\u201d said Dr. Abru\u00f1a, who continues to advise Factorial. \u201cStraight shooters \u2014 zero BS.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. Yu is now Factorial\u2019s chief technology officer. The company is, in that sense, a family operation. Ms. Huang is reticent about their private life, declining to say even how many children they have.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Initially the company focused on improving the materials that allow batteries to store energy. That changed after Mercedes invested in Factorial in 2021. Mercedes was looking for a bigger technological leap and encouraged Factorial to pursue solid state.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The technology has that name because it eliminates the liquid chemical mixture, known as an electrolyte, that helps transport energy-laden ions inside a battery. Liquid electrolytes are highly flammable. Replacing them with a solid or gelatinlike electrolyte makes batteries safer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">A battery that doesn\u2019t overheat can be charged faster, perhaps in as little time as it takes to fill a car with gasoline. And solid-state batteries pack more energy into a smaller space, reducing weight and increasing range.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-6\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But solid-state batteries have one big drawback that explains why you can\u2019t buy a car with one today. Such battery cells are more prone to grow spiky irregularities that cause short circuits. Vast riches await any company that can overcome this problem and develop a battery that is durable, safe and reasonably easy to manufacture.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Despite obvious differences between Factorial and Mercedes \u2014 the start-up has a little more than 100 employees, compared with 175,000 \u2014 Ms. Huang\u2019s working style meshed with the culture at Mercedes and its roots in Swabia, the region around Stuttgart where people are known for their no-nonsense approach and restraint.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. Keller found Ms. Huang\u2019s low-key, factual manner to be a welcome contrast to the hype and unfulfilled promises that are pervasive in the battery and technology industries. Factorial, he said, \u201chas not been announcing, announcing, announcing and not delivering.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-1u37br4 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-39dc85e6\">\u2018Production hell\u2019<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-7\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">It\u2019s an axiom in the battery business that producing a cool prototype is the easy part. The challenge is figuring out how to make millions of solid-state batteries at a reasonable price.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-8\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Factorial confronted that problem in 2022, setting up a small pilot factory in Cheonan, South Korea, a city near Seoul known for its tech industry. The project became, in Ms. Huang\u2019s words, \u201cproduction hell\u201d \u2014 the same phrase Elon Musk used when Tesla was <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/04\/03\/business\/tesla-model-3.html\" title=\"\">struggling to mass-produce a sedan<\/a> and nearly went bankrupt.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">To make money, a battery factory can\u2019t produce too many defective cells. Ideally the yield, the percentage of usable cells, should be at least 95 percent. Hitting that target is devilishly difficult, involving volatile chemicals and fragile separators layered and packaged into cells with zero margin for error. The machinery doing all this is encased in Plexiglas chambers and overseen by workers dressed in head-to-toe protective gear to prevent contamination.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dozens of companies are trying to mass-produce solid-state cells, including big carmakers like Toyota and smaller ones like QuantumScape, a Silicon Valley start-up backed by Volkswagen. Mercedes, hedging its bets, is also working with ProLogium, a Taiwanese company.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Nio, a Chinese carmaker, sells a vehicle with what it advertises as a solid-state battery. Analysts say the technology is less advanced than what Factorial is developing, offering fewer advantages in weight and performance. But there is little doubt that Chinese companies are investing heavily in solid state. Nio did not respond to a request for comment.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Every company has its own closely guarded recipes and manufacturing processes. \u201cIt\u2019s difficult to say which technology will win,\u201d said Xiaoxi He, a technology analyst at IDTechEx, a research firm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-9\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Partly because solid-state batteries are so difficult to manufacture, many auto executives are skeptical that they will make commercial sense anytime soon. Shares in many solid-state battery start-ups have plunged, and management turmoil is common.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Factorial has insulated itself from the harsh judgments of Wall Street by never selling stock. Its funding comes from private investors including WAVE Equity Partners, a Boston firm, and partners that include the South Korean automaker Hyundai; LG Chem, a South Korean company that makes battery materials; and Stellantis, which next year plans to test Factorial batteries in Dodge Charger muscle cars.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Projections of how soon solid-state batteries would be available have proved overly optimistic. Toyota displayed a futuristic prototype in 2020, but the company is still years away from selling a car with a solid-state battery.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Kurt Kelty, a vice president at General Motors in charge of batteries, is among those who will believe it when they see it. \u201cWe\u2019re not banking on solid state,\u201d Mr. Kelty said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-10\">\n<p><h2 class=\"css-1u37br4 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-5643bda8\">\u2018I don\u2019t even know if we can make it\u2019<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-11\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In the beginning, Factorial\u2019s prototype assembly line in South Korea had a yield of just 10 percent, meaning 90 percent of its batteries were faulty. Despite her preference for a good night\u2019s sleep, Ms. Huang often had to wake up at 4 a.m. to deal with problems at the factory, which was operating around the clock. She was in South Korea at least once a month.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThere were always issues,\u201d she said. \u201cThere was a point, I was like, I don\u2019t even know if we can make it.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">By 2023, Factorial had produced enough cells suitable for an automobile that Mr. Keller, a soft-spoken, amiable man who has worked at Mercedes for 25 years, began thinking about installing them in a car. The cost and the risk of failure were high enough that he sought approval from his bosses. Armed with PowerPoint slides, Mr. Keller went to Ola K\u00e4llenius, an imposing Swede who is chief executive at Mercedes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. K\u00e4llenius\u2019s office is at the top of a glass and steel high-rise in the middle of a sprawling manufacturing and development complex beside the Neckar River in Stuttgart.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. Keller argued that road testing would help determine, among other things, whether the batteries would work with air cooling alone. If so, that would eliminate the need for a heavier, more costly liquid-cooled system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-12\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. K\u00e4llenius signed off on the project, reasoning that a tangible goal would motivate the team and hasten development. He drew an analogy to Formula 1 racing. \u201cIf you\u2019re chasing the leader, and suddenly you can see him, you get faster,\u201d Mr. K\u00e4llenius recalled.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Ms. Huang was a bit surprised when, in late 2023, Mr. Keller told her that Mercedes wanted to put the cells in a working vehicle. \u201cWe didn\u2019t realize it was coming so soon, honestly speaking,\u201d she said with a laugh.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But by June 2024, Factorial had managed to produce enough high-quality cells to announce that it had begun delivering them to Mercedes. In November, the factory in South Korea hit 85 percent yield, the best result yet. Ms. Huang and the Korean team celebrated by going out to a barbecue joint.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mercedes still had to figure out how to package the cells in a way that would protect them from highway dirt and moisture. And it had to integrate the battery pack into a vehicle, connecting it to the car\u2019s control systems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The Factorial cells had one big drawback that made them hard to install in a car. They expanded when charged and shrank when discharged. In Mr. Keller\u2019s words, they \u201cbreathed.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-13\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. Keller turned to engineers on the Mercedes Formula 1 racing team, who are accustomed to quickly solving technical problems. They devised a mechanism that expanded and shrank with the cells, maintaining constant pressure.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">By Christmas 2024, a team working at Mercedes\u2019s main research center in Sindelfingen, outside Stuttgart, texted Mr. Keller those two words: \u201cspinning wheels.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-1u37br4 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-419227a8\">\u2018Finally I see you\u2019<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-14\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. Keller confessed that he got a little emotional when his team sent him the video of the car. He waited until after Christmas to forward it to Ms. Huang with the same two words.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Several weeks later, the Mercedes engineers took the car with Factorial\u2019s battery, an otherwise standard EQS electric sedan, to a company track for its first road test.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-15\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The engineers drove the car slowly at first. They carefully monitored technical data displayed on the dashboard screen.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">They drove faster and faster until, by the fourth day, they reached autobahn speeds of 100 miles per hour. The battery didn\u2019t blow up. In theory, it can power the car for 600 miles, more than most conventional cars can travel on a tank of gasoline.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Mr. Keller had been keeping Ms. Huang apprised of the progress, but she was still surprised when, during a meeting on marketing strategy in February, people from the Mercedes communications department mentioned that they had written a news release announcing the achievement.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cDo you want to take a look?\u201d they asked.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">She certainly did. The first successful road test with a Factorial battery was an enormously important moment, one they had been anticipating for years. Yet the teams at Mercedes and Factorial did not throw parties to celebrate. They still had work to do.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The next step is to equip a fleet of Mercedes vehicles with batteries, perfect the manufacturing process and do the testing required to begin selling them. That will probably take until 2028, at least. Many experts don\u2019t expect cars with solid-state batteries to be widely available until 2030, at the earliest.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-16\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In April, Ms. Huang finally found time to travel to Stuttgart and ride in the car herself.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">It was a clear spring day, with greenery sprouting in the German countryside and flowers beginning to bloom. Mercedes employees escorted her to a garage in Sindelfingen, where the automaker also has a large factory complex.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Ms. Huang had seen many photos of the car, but she still felt a thrill when the garage doors opened. It felt \u201clike a long-lost friend,\u201d she said. \u201cLike, \u2018Finally I see you!\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">A Mercedes driver took her for a spin on the test track, zooming down an asphalt straightaway then around a banked curve that, Ms. Huang said, felt like a roller coaster.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Inside the car, there was no way to perceive the difference with the Factorial battery compared with a conventional one. \u201cBut it\u2019s just so special because it\u2019s with our battery.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     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Mass.,<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24474,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[340,3232,332,336,1922,1730,3108,349,123,250,4632,329,511,2084,6961,335,333,181,182,773,6962,4111,510,6966,186,6963,268,6964,782,6967,6968,334,6965],"class_list":["post-24473","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-air-pollution","tag-alex","tag-automobiles","tag-batteries","tag-boston-mass","tag-chemistry","tag-cheonan-south-korea","tag-china","tag-computers-and-the-internet","tag-content-type-personal-profile","tag-cornell-university","tag-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles","tag-elon","tag-engineering-and-engineers","tag-factorial-energy","tag-factories-and-manufacturing","tag-fuel-emissions-transportation","tag-global-warming","tag-greenhouse-gas-emissions","tag-huang","tag-kallenius","tag-mercedes-benz","tag-musk","tag-nanjing-china","tag-oil-petroleum-and-gasoline","tag-ola","tag-research","tag-siyu","tag-start-ups","tag-stuttgart-germany","tag-swabia-germany","tag-tesla-motors-inc","tag-yu"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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