{"id":23421,"date":"2025-05-05T08:45:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-05T08:45:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/a-timeline-of-india-and-pakistans-tensions-over-kashmir\/"},"modified":"2025-05-05T08:45:54","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T08:45:54","slug":"a-timeline-of-india-and-pakistans-tensions-over-kashmir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/a-timeline-of-india-and-pakistans-tensions-over-kashmir\/","title":{"rendered":"A Timeline of India and Pakistan\u2019s Tensions Over Kashmir"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">India and Pakistan are on the precipice of a possible military confrontation, nearly two weeks after a deadly terrorist attack on the Indian-controlled side of the troubled Kashmir region set off aggressive statements between the archrival nations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">India has suggested that Pakistan was connected to the April 22 attack that killed 26 people, a claim that Pakistan has repeatedly denied.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Kashmir, a scenic valley in the Himalayas, is wedged between India and Pakistan, nuclear-armed countries that have struggled for control over the region for almost 80 years. Kashmiris have rarely had a say in their own fate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Here is a history of the dispute.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-9w1fbe e6idgb70\">1947<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-13o6u42 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-74edf73d\">Fraught Beginnings<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Contention over Kashmir began nearly as soon as India and Pakistan were formed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In 1947, Britain divided India, its former colony, into two countries. One was Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. The other, made up mostly of Hindus, kept the name India. But Kashmir\u2019s fate was left undecided.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Within months, both India and Pakistan had laid claim to the territory. A military confrontation ensued. The Hindu ruler of Kashmir, who had at first refused to abdicate his sovereignty, agreed to make the region part of India in exchange for a security guarantee, after militias from Pakistan moved into parts of his territory.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">What followed was the first war that India and Pakistan would fight over Kashmir.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Years later, in 1961, <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/timesmachine.nytimes.com\/timesmachine\/1961\/04\/27\/98437164.html?pageNumber=21\" title=\"\">the former ruler of Kashmir passed away<\/a> in Bombay. In an obituary, The New York Times summarized his decision to cede the territory to India in words that would prove true for decades to come. His actions, the article said, had contributed to \u201ca continuing bitter dispute between India and Pakistan.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-9w1fbe e6idgb70\">1949<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-13o6u42 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-17182e\">A Tenuous Cease-Fire<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In January 1949, the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir concluded after the United Nations intervened to broker a cease-fire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Under the terms of the cease-fire, a line was drawn dividing the territory. India would occupy about two-thirds of the area, and Pakistan the other third.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The dividing line was supposed to be temporary, pending a more permanent political settlement.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-9w1fbe e6idgb70\">1965<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-13o6u42 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-55bd7a97\">War Breaks Out Again<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-5\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Tensions were already high between India and Pakistan in the summer of 1965. There had been a <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/timesmachine.nytimes.com\/timesmachine\/1965\/04\/27\/101542759.html?pageNumber=1\" title=\"\">skirmish between their forces along the border<\/a> earlier in the year, in an area south of Kashmir.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">When Pakistan conducted a covert offensive across Kashmir\u2019s cease-fire line in August, the fighting quickly escalated into a full-scale war. The clash <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/timesmachine.nytimes.com\/timesmachine\/1965\/10\/12\/95911170.html?pageNumber=1\" title=\"\">was short-lived<\/a> \u2014 only about three weeks long \u2014 but bloody.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In January 1966, India and Pakistan <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/iht-retrospective.blogs.nytimes.com\/2016\/01\/10\/1966-shastri-dies-after-signing-kashmir-pact\/\" title=\"\">signed an agreement<\/a> to settle future disputes through peaceful means.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-6\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But the peace would not last.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-9w1fbe e6idgb70\">1972<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-13o6u42 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-54b51506\">An Official Division<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-7\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">After a regional war in 1971 that <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1971\/12\/09\/archives\/the-emergence-of-bangla-desh.html\" title=\"\">led to the creation of Bangladesh<\/a>, Pakistan and India decided to revisit the unsolved issue of Kashmir.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In December 1972, the countries announced that they had resolved the deadlock over Kashmir\u2019s cease-fire line. But little changed besides the designation. The temporary cease-fire line from 1949 became an official \u201cline of control.\u201d Each country retained the section of Kashmir that it had already held for more than 20 years.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">While the agreement did little to change the status quo in Kashmir, it came with an aspiration to improve the volatile relationship between India and Pakistan.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Reporting on the deal from New Delhi, <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1972\/12\/08\/archives\/accord-reached-on-kashmir-line-india-and-pakistan-declare-truce.html\" title=\"\">a Times correspondent wrote<\/a> of the two countries: \u201cOfficial sources here indicated that they were satisfied with the settlement, which they said had been reached \u2018in an atmosphere of goodwill and mutual understanding.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-9\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">During a period of particular political turmoil \u2014 aggravated in 1987 by disputes over local elections that many thought were rigged \u2014 some Kashmiris <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/29\/world\/asia\/india-pakistan-kashmir-terrorism.html\" title=\"\">turned to militancy<\/a>, which Pakistan would eventually stoke and support.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Over the next decade or so, state police in Kashmir <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1999\/08\/12\/world\/vale-tears-special-report-kashmir-crushed-jewel-caught-vise-hatred.html\" title=\"\">recorded tens of thousands of bombings<\/a>, shootouts, abductions and rocket attacks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">That violence began to moderate around the 2000s, but the years of intense insurgency had further eroded the fragile relationship between Pakistan and India.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-9w1fbe e6idgb70\">1999<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-13o6u42 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-69560594\">Peace Talks Come Up Short<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-10\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">As a new millennium neared, India and Pakistan seemed poised to establish a more permanent peace.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In a gesture of goodwill, Pakistan\u2019s prime minister hosted his Indian counterpart for <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1999\/02\/22\/world\/india-promises-with-pakistan-to-seek-peace.html\" title=\"\">a weekend of jocular diplomacy<\/a> in February 1999. No Indian prime minister had visited Pakistan in a decade.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The summit \u2014 between the leaders of adversaries that each now had nuclear arms \u2014 produced signed documents affirming their mutual commitment to normalizing relations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe must bring peace to our people,\u201d Pakistan\u2019s prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, said at a news conference, as Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee of India smiled at his side. \u201cWe must bring prosperity to our people. We owe this to ourselves and to future generations.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Three months later, their countries were at war. Again, Kashmir was the point of discord.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Fighting broke out after infiltrators from Pakistan seized positions within the Indian-administered part of Kashmir. India claimed that the infiltrators were Pakistani soldiers, which Western analysts would also come to believe. Pakistan denied that its forces were involved, insisting that independent freedom fighters were behind the operation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The war ended when Mr. Sharif called for the infiltrators to withdraw (he maintained all along that they were not Pakistani forces and that Pakistan did not control them). A few months later, Mr. Sharif was deposed in a military coup led by a Pakistani general who, it was later determined, <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/02\/05\/world\/asia\/pervez-musharraf-dead.html\" title=\"\">had directed the military incursion<\/a> that started the war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-12\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">After the war in 1999, Kashmir remained one of the world\u2019s most militarized zones. Near-constant unrest in the territory brought India and Pakistan to the brink of war several times in the years that followed.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The last major flare-up was in 2019, when a bombing in Kashmir <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/02\/14\/world\/asia\/pulwama-attack-kashmir.html\" title=\"\">killed at least 40 Indian soldiers<\/a>. Indian warplanes conducted airstrikes in Pakistan in retaliation, but the conflict de-escalated before becoming an all-out war.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">A more lasting move came later that year, when the Indian government <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/08\/05\/world\/asia\/india-pakistan-kashmir-jammu.html\" title=\"\">stripped Kashmir of a cherished status<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">For all of Kashmir\u2019s modern history \u2014 since its Hindu ruler acceded to India \u2014 the territory had enjoyed a degree of autonomy. Its relative independence was enshrined in India\u2019s Constitution. But in August 2019, India\u2019s prime minister, Narendra Modi, rolled back Kashmir\u2019s privileged status.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-13\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The crackdown came with a quick succession of draconian measures: Thousands of Indian troops surged into the territory. Internet connections were severed. Phone lines were cut. Mr. Modi\u2019s government began directly administering the territory from New Delhi, and it imprisoned thousands of Kashmiris, including political leaders who had long sided with India in the face of separatist militancy.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The government\u2019s heavy-handed approach stunned observers around the world. But the results, as far as India was concerned, justified the means. A new era of peace seemed to ensue. Acts of terrorism declined. Tourism flourished.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">It was an illusion.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-9w1fbe e6idgb70\">2025<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"css-13o6u42 eoo0vm40\" id=\"link-12166c42\">A Terrorist Attack<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-14\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">On April 22, militants shot and killed 26 people, mostly tourists from different parts of India, near Pahalgam, Kashmir. Seventeen others were wounded.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">It was one of the worst attacks on Indian civilians in decades.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Almost immediately afterward, Indian officials suggested that Pakistan had been involved. Mr. Modi, the prime minister, vowed severe punishment for the perpetrators and those giving them safe haven, though he did not explicitly mention Pakistan.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Pakistan swiftly denied involvement and said it was \u201cready to cooperate\u201d with any international inquiry into the terrorist attack. But India was not placated. Since then, its leaders have seemed to be <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/27\/world\/asia\/india-pakistan-kashmir.html\" title=\"\">building a case for military confrontation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/05\/05\/world\/asia\/india-pakistan-kashmir-history.html\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>India and Pakistan are on the precipice of a possible military confrontation, nearly two weeks after a deadly terrorist attack<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23422,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[471,98,6197,1724,1725,1115],"class_list":["post-23421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-world","tag-india","tag-international-relations","tag-kashmir","tag-modi","tag-narendra","tag-pakistan"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Timeline of India and Pakistan\u2019s Tensions Over Kashmir - World News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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