{"id":18621,"date":"2025-04-10T19:18:26","date_gmt":"2025-04-10T19:18:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/denisovans-extend-their-range-to-asias-pacific-coast\/"},"modified":"2025-04-10T19:18:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-10T19:18:26","slug":"denisovans-extend-their-range-to-asias-pacific-coast","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/denisovans-extend-their-range-to-asias-pacific-coast\/","title":{"rendered":"Denisovans Extend Their Range to Asia\u2019s Pacific Coast"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">For decades, fishermen sailing off the coast of Taiwan have sometimes discovered fossils in their trawling nets: the bones of elephants, buffalo and other big mammals that lived tens of thousands of years ago, when the sea level was so low that Taiwan was linked to Asia by a land bridge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But in 2010, a Taiwanese paleontologist was presented with a particularly odd find: a fossil that looked like half a gorilla\u2019s jaw. Scientists have puzzled over it ever since.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Now the mystery of the underwater jaw has been solved. On Wednesday, a team of researchers <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"http:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.ads3888\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">announced<\/a> that it belonged to a <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/03\/02\/science\/denisovan-neanderthal-dna.html\" title=\"\">Denisovan<\/a>, a member of a mysterious lineage of humans related to Neanderthals. The discovery significantly expands the range of firmly identified Denisovan fossils, previously known from Siberia and Tibet.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cIndeed, Denisovans were present all the way east to the coast,\u201d said Frido Welker, a molecular anthropologist and an author of the new study.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Chun-Hsiang Chang, a paleontologist at Taiwan\u2019s National Museum of Natural Science, first learned of the jaw in 2010 from a private collector. Inspecting it, he could tell right away that it did not belong to a gorilla. Gorillas and other apes have U-shaped jaws. Instead, the fossil jaw angled outward from the chin, as our jaws do.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But the jaw lacked the prominent chin found in today\u2019s humans. \u201cAt that time, I thought it looked like a human, but not a modern human,\u201d Dr. Chang said. \u201cI thought it was very important, so I pushed the private collector to lend it to my museum.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Working with an international group of scientists over the next five years, Dr. Chang studied the anatomy of the jaw, which they named Penghu 1, after the Penghu Channel. Its shape resembled the jaw of extinct relatives of humans known to have lived in Asia for more than a million years. But Penghu 1 also had distinctive features, including large teeth.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Determining the age of Penghu 1 was also a challenge, because Dr. Chang had no idea exactly where on the sea floor it had come from. He and his colleagues analyzed the jaw\u2019s chemistry and found that it resembled that of fossils of a hyena species that evolved in eastern Asia about 400,000 years ago.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">At that time, Taiwan was separated from the mainland by water. But 190,000 years ago, the sea level dropped enough to create a land bridge, which lasted until 130,000 years ago. The oceans rose again until 70,000 years ago, when another land bridge formed, this one lasting until 10,000 years ago. Dr. Chang and his colleagues believe that the Penghu 1 human lived in one of these periods of low sea level.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">One possibility was that Penghu 1 belonged to an enigmatic group of humans called Denisovans. <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/12\/23\/science\/23ancestor.html\" title=\"\">Researchers discovered Denisovans<\/a> in 2010 while examining fossils from Denisova Cave in Siberia. A tooth and a finger bone contained ancient DNA with unusual mutations, revealing a lineage of humans never known before.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Subsequent research indicated that Denisovans, Neanderthals and modern humans share a common ancestor who lived in Africa about 600,000 years ago. The ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans migrated out of Africa, and then those two lineages split about 400,000 years ago. Neanderthals spread west into Europe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The spread of Denisovans has been harder to chart. For years, the only known Denisovan fossils were the teeth and bits of bone found in Denisova Cave. But a tantalizing clue came from living humans. In East Asia and the Pacific, many people today carry a small amount of Denisovan DNA. This suggests that before going extinct, Denisovans interbred with Homo sapiens in East Asia, and they must have lived far beyond Siberia.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dr. Chang and his colleagues noticed that a tooth in the Penghu 1 jaw was similar to a tooth from Denisova Cave. But that clue alone wasn\u2019t enough to link them. They searched for DNA in the jaw but found none. The result was not surprising, given that the Penghu 1 fossil had been sitting on the sea floor for thousands of years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">After Dr. Chang\u2019s team published <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms7037\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">their analysis<\/a> in 2015, Penghu 1 became yet another enigmatic humanlike fossil in a museum. \u201cOur research was at a standstill,\u201d Dr. Chang said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Over the next few years, Dr. Welker and other researchers pioneered methods for retrieving ancient proteins from fossils. It became evident that even if a fossil loses all of its DNA, it may retain protein fragments.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dr. Welker used such methods to study a 160,000-year-old jaw <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/05\/01\/science\/denisovans-tibet-jawbone-dna.html\" title=\"\">found in a high-altitude cave in Tibet<\/a>. In 2019, the team reported that the Tibetan fossil contained fragments of ancient collagen and other proteins.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">These were similar to the proteins of modern humans, but they also had differences indicating that the jaw belonged to a Denisovan.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">That discovery led Dr. Welker to search the scientific literature for other Asian fossils resembling the Tibetan jaw that might be inspected for proteins.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-5\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThat\u2019s when the Penghu mandible came on my radar,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The jaws from Tibet and Taiwan both had remarkably big teeth. Dr. Welker and his colleagues reached out to Dr. Chang: Might they give Penghu 1 another look? In 2023, Dr. Chang and his team flew to Copenhagen with the jaw. The resulting analysis revealed protein fragments that could only have come from a Denisovan.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cEver since the first publication of the Penghu mandible, many of us thought that it might be a Denisovan, mostly based on it being in the right place at the right time,\u201d said Bence Viola, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Toronto who was not involved in the study. \u201cBut, of course, assumptions are assumptions, and you need real data to validate them.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Another clue came from fragments of enamel proteins in the teeth. Modern humans carry a gene for enamel on their X chromosome, and men carry a slightly different enamel gene on their Y chromosome. The Denisovan jaw carried the Y-chromosome version, indicating that it belonged to a male adult.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The big-tooth anatomy in the two Denisovan jaws may turn out to be a hallmark of male Denisovans. Female Denisovans might have a more slender anatomy \u2014 but scientists will need more evidence to know for sure.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The discovery of other Denisovan fossils could expand the hominin\u2019s range. In 2022, researchers found a 160,000-year-old tooth <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-022-01372-0\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">in a cave in Laos<\/a> that closely resembles a tooth in the Denisovan jaw from Tibet. Anyone who lived there would have had to survive in a tropical forest, far from Siberia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-6\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The Laos tooth did not contain DNA, however, and its protein fragments offered no clarity into the kind of human it came from. But that cave and neighboring ones hold many teeth yet to be fully analyzed. And traces of other Denisovans may still be lying undiscovered in museums.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But the evidence so far makes it clear that Denisovans could thrive across thousands of miles and in an array of environments. Janet Kelso, a paleoanthropologist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, was struck by the differences between the Penghu 1 proteins and those found in Tibet. As Denisovans expanded across environments, they developed into genetically distinct populations, adapting to each place.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThere is still so much to learn about Denisovans,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/10\/science\/archaeology-denisovan-taiwan.html\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For decades, fishermen sailing off the coast of Taiwan have sometimes discovered fossils in their trawling nets: the bones of<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18622,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[1317,5832,5830,5829,5831,871,323,268,2689,1017,2159,188],"class_list":["post-18621","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-archaeology-and-anthropology","tag-chun-hsiang-chang","tag-denisova-cave-siberia","tag-denisova-hominid","tag-frido-welker","tag-laos","tag-paleontology","tag-research","tag-siberia","tag-taiwan","tag-tibet","tag-your-feed-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Denisovans Extend Their Range to Asia\u2019s Pacific Coast 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