{"id":18335,"date":"2025-04-09T15:49:37","date_gmt":"2025-04-09T15:49:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/scientists-map-miles-of-wiring-in-a-speck-of-mouse-brain\/"},"modified":"2025-04-09T15:49:37","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T15:49:37","slug":"scientists-map-miles-of-wiring-in-a-speck-of-mouse-brain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/scientists-map-miles-of-wiring-in-a-speck-of-mouse-brain\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientists Map Miles of Wiring in a Speck of Mouse Brain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The human brain is so complex that scientific brains have a hard time making sense of it. A piece of neural tissue the size of a grain of sand might be packed with hundreds of thousands of cells linked together by miles of wiring. In 1979, Francis Crick, the Nobel-prize-winning scientist, concluded that the anatomy and activity in just a cubic millimeter of brain matter would forever exceed our understanding.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cIt is no use asking for the impossible,\u201d Dr. Crick <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/thinking-about-the-brain\/\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">wrote<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Forty-six years later, a team of more than 100 scientists has achieved that impossible, by recording the cellular activity and mapping the structure in a cubic millimeter of a mouse\u2019s brain \u2014 less than one percent of its full volume. In accomplishing this feat, they amassed 1.6 petabytes of data \u2014 the equivalent of 22 years of nonstop high-definition video.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThis is a milestone,\u201d said Davi Bock, a neuroscientist at the University of Vermont who was not involved in <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/immersive\/d42859-025-00001-w\/index.html\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">the study<\/a>, which was published Wednesday in the journal Nature. Dr. Bock said that the advances that made it possible to chart a cubic millimeter of brain boded well for a new goal: mapping the wiring of the entire brain of a mouse.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cIt\u2019s totally doable, and I think it\u2019s worth doing,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\"><a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-father-of-modern-neuroscience-discovered-the-basic-unit-of-the-nervous-system\/\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">More than 130 years<\/a> have passed since the Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal first spied individual neurons under a microscope, making out their peculiar branched shapes. Later generations of scientists worked out many of the details of how a neuron sends a spike of voltage down a long arm, called an axon. Each axon makes contact with tiny branches, or dendrites, of neighboring neurons. Some neurons excite their neighbors into firing voltage spikes of their own. Some quiet other neurons.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Human thought somehow emerges from this mix of excitation and inhibition. But how that happens has remained a tremendous mystery, largely because scientists have been able to study only a few neurons at a time.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In recent decades, technological advances have allowed scientists to start mapping brains in their entirety. In 1986, British researchers <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1986.0056\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">published<\/a> the circuitry of a tiny worm, made up of 302 neurons. In subsequent years, researchers charted bigger brains, such as the 140,000 neurons in the <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/10\/02\/science\/fruit-fly-brain-mapped.html\" title=\"\">brain of a fly<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Could Dr. Crick\u2019s impossible dream be possible after all? In 2016, the American government began <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iarpa.gov\/research-programs\/microns\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">a $100 million effort<\/a> to scan a cubic millimeter of a mouse brain. The project \u2014 called Machine Intelligence from Cortical Networks, or MICrONS \u2014 was led by scientists at the Allen Institute for Brain Science, Princeton University and Baylor College of Medicine.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The researchers zeroed in on a portion of the mouse brain that receives signals from the eyes and reconstructs what the animal sees. In the first stage of the research, the team recorded the activity of neurons in that region as it showed a mouse videos of different landscapes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The researchers then dissected the mouse brain and doused the cubic millimeter with hardening chemicals. Then they shaved off 28,000 slices from the block of tissue, capturing an image of each one. Computers were trained to recognize the outlines of cells in each slice and link the slices together into three-dimensional shapes. All told, the team charted 200,000 neurons and other types of brain cells, along with 523 million neural connections.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">For Nuno da Costa, a biologist at the Allen Institute and one of the leaders of the project, just watching the cells take shape on his computer screen was breathtaking. \u201cThese neurons are absolutely stunning \u2014 it gives me pleasure,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">To understand how this mesh of neurons functioned, Dr. da Costa and his colleagues mapped the activity that had been recorded when the mouse looked at videos.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cImagine that you come to a party that has 80,000 people, and you can be aware of every conversation, but you don\u2019t know who is talking to whom,\u201d Dr. da Costa said. \u201cAnd now imagine that you have a way to know who is talking to whom, but you have no idea what they\u2019re saying. If you have these two things, you can tell a better story about what\u2019s happening at the party.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-5\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Analyzing the data, the researchers discovered patterns in the wiring of the brain that had escaped notice until now. They identified distinct kinds of inhibitory neurons, for instance, that link only to certain other types of neurons.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWhen you go into studying the brain, it seems kind of hopeless \u2014 there are just so many connections and so much complexity,\u201d said Mariela Petkova, a biophysicist at Harvard who was not involved in the MICrONS project. \u201cFinding wiring rules is a win. The brain is a lot less messy than people thought,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-6\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Many of the MICrONS researchers are now pitching in on a <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/news-events\/news\/highlights-announcements\/nih-brain-initiative-launches-projects-develop-innovative-technologies-map-brain-incredible-detail\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">bigger project<\/a>: mapping an entire mouse\u2019s brain. With a volume of 500 cubic millimeters, a full brain would take decades or centuries to chart with current methods. The scientists will have to find additional tricks in order to finish the project in a decade.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWhat they\u2019ve already had to do to get here is heroic,\u201d said Gregory Jefferis, a neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge who was not involved in the MICrONS project. \u201cBut we\u2019ve still got a mountain to climb.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-7\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Forrest Collman, a member of the MICrONS project at the Allen Institute, is optimistic. He and his colleagues recently discovered how to make microscopically thin sections from an entire mouse brain. \u201cSome of these barriers are starting to fall,\u201d Dr. Collman said.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But our own brain, which is about a thousand times bigger than a mouse\u2019s, presents a much bigger challenge, he added. \u201cThe human brain right now feels like outside the range of what is possible,\u201d he said. \u201cWe are not going there anytime soon.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But Sebastian Seung, a neuroscientist at Princeton and a member of the MICrONS project, noted that mouse brains and human brains are similar enough that researchers might glean clues that could help them find medications to effectively treat psychological disorders without causing harmful side effects.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cOur current methods of manipulating the nervous system are incredibly blunt instruments,\u201d Dr. Seung said. \u201cYou put in a drug, and it goes everywhere,\u201d he added. \u201cBut being able to actually reach in and manipulate a cell type \u2014 that\u2019s precision.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The efforts to map a whole mouse brain are <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/braininitiative.nih.gov\/research\/neuroimaging-technologies-across-scales\/brain-initiative-connectivity-across-scales\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">supported<\/a> by funding from a long-running National Institutes of Health program called the <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/06\/06\/science\/nih-seeks-4-5-billion-to-try-to-crack-the-code-of-how-brains-function.html\" title=\"\">BRAIN initiative<\/a>. But the future of the endeavor is uncertain. Last year, Congress cut funding to the BRAIN initiative by <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/braininitiative.nih.gov\/funding\/understanding-brain-initiative-budget\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">40 percent<\/a>, and last month President Trump signed a bill cutting support by another 20 percent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-8\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dr. Bock noted that brain-mapping efforts like MICrONS take years, partly because they require the invention of new technologies and software along the way.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cWe need consistency and predictability of science funding to realize these long-term goals,\u201d Dr. Bock said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/04\/09\/science\/neuroscience-brain-mice-map.html\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The human brain is so complex that scientific brains have a hard time making sense of it. A piece of<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18336,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[188],"class_list":["post-18335","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science","tag-your-feed-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Scientists Map Miles of Wiring in a Speck of Mouse Brain - World News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/scientists-map-miles-of-wiring-in-a-speck-of-mouse-brain\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists Map Miles of Wiring in a Speck of Mouse Brain - World News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The human brain is so complex that scientific brains have a hard time making sense of it. 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