{"id":10571,"date":"2025-03-05T10:18:05","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T10:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/turing-award-goes-to-a-i-pioneers-andrew-barto-and-richard-sutton\/"},"modified":"2025-03-05T10:18:05","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T10:18:05","slug":"turing-award-goes-to-a-i-pioneers-andrew-barto-and-richard-sutton","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/site.itshrt.com\/worldnews\/turing-award-goes-to-a-i-pioneers-andrew-barto-and-richard-sutton\/","title":{"rendered":"Turing Award Goes to A.I. Pioneers Andrew Barto and Richard Sutton"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In 1977, Andrew Barto, as a researcher at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, began exploring a new theory that <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/hedonisticneuron0000klop\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">neurons behaved like hedonists<\/a>. The basic idea was that the human brain was driven by billions of nerve cells that were each trying to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">A year later, he was joined by another young researcher, Richard Sutton. Together, they worked to explain human intelligence using this simple concept and applied it to artificial intelligence. The result was \u201creinforcement learning,\u201d a way for A.I. systems to learn from the digital equivalent of pleasure and pain.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">On Wednesday, the Association for Computing Machinery, the world\u2019s largest society of computing professionals, announced that Dr. Barto and Dr. Sutton had won this year\u2019s Turing Award for their work on reinforcement learning. The Turing Award, which was introduced in 1966, is often called the Nobel Prize of computing. The two scientists will share the $1 million prize that comes with the award.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Over the past decade, reinforcement learning has played a vital role in the rise of artificial intelligence, including breakthrough technologies such as <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/05\/google-alpha-go-ai\/\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\">Google\u2019s AlphaGo<\/a> and <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/12\/10\/technology\/ai-chat-bot-chatgpt.html\" title=\"\">OpenAI\u2019s ChatGPT<\/a>. The techniques that powered these systems were rooted in the work of Dr. Barto and Dr. Sutton.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-1\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cThey are the undisputed pioneers of reinforcement learning,\u201d said Oren Etzioni, a professor emeritus of computer science at the University of Washington and founding chief executive of the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence. \u201cThey generated the key ideas \u2014 and they wrote the book on the subject.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Their book, \u201cReinforcement Learning: An Introduction,\u201d which was published in 1998, remains the definitive exploration of an idea that many experts say is only beginning to realize its potential.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Psychologists have long studied the ways that humans and animals learn from their experiences. In the 1940s, the pioneering British computer scientist Alan Turing suggested that machines could learn in much the same way.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But it was Dr. Barto and Dr. Sutton who began exploring the mathematics of how this might work, building on a theory that A. Harry Klopf, a computer scientist working for the government, had proposed. Dr. Barto went on to build a lab at UMass Amherst dedicated to the idea, while Dr. Sutton founded a similar kind of lab at the University of Alberta in Canada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cIt is kind of an obvious idea when you\u2019re talking about humans and animals,\u201d said Dr. Sutton, who is also a research scientist at Keen Technologies, an A.I. start-up, and a fellow at the Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute, one of Canada\u2019s three national A.I. labs. \u201cAs we revived it, it was about machines.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-2\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">This remained an academic pursuit until the arrival of AlphaGo in 2016. Most experts believed that another 10 years would pass before anyone built an A.I. system that could beat the world\u2019s best players at the game of Go.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But during a match in Seoul, South Korea, AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol, the best Go player of the past decade. The trick was that the system had played millions of games against itself, learning by trial and error. It learned which moves brought success (pleasure) and which brought failure (pain).<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The Google team that built the system was led by David Silver, a researcher who had studied reinforcement learning under Dr. Sutton at the University of Alberta.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Many experts still question whether reinforcement learning could work outside of games. Game winnings are determined by points, which makes it easy for machines to distinguish between success and failure.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But reinforcement learning has also played an essential role in online chatbots.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Leading up to the release of ChatGPT in the fall of 2022, OpenAI hired hundreds of people to use an early version and provide precise suggestions that could hone its skills. They showed the chatbot how to respond to particular questions, rated its responses and corrected its mistakes. By analyzing those suggestions, ChatGPT learned to be a better chatbot.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-3\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Researchers call this \u201creinforcement learning from human feedback,\u201d or R.L.H.F. And it is <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/09\/25\/technology\/chatgpt-rlhf-human-tutors.html\" title=\"\">one of the key reasons<\/a> that today\u2019s chatbots respond in surprisingly lifelike ways.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">(The New York Times has <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/12\/27\/business\/media\/new-york-times-open-ai-microsoft-lawsuit.html\" title=\"\">sued<\/a> OpenAI and its partner, Microsoft, for copyright infringement of news content related to A.I. systems. OpenAI and Microsoft have denied those claims.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">More recently, companies like OpenAI and <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/01\/23\/technology\/deepseek-china-ai-chips.html\" title=\"\">the Chinese start-up DeepSeek<\/a> have developed a form of reinforcement learning that allows chatbots to learn from themselves \u2014 much as AlphaGo did. By working through various math problems, for instance, a chatbot can learn which methods lead to the right answer and which do not.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">If it repeats this process with an enormously large set of problems, the bot can learn to <a class=\"css-yywogo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/09\/12\/technology\/openai-chatgpt-math.html\" title=\"\">mimic the way humans reason<\/a> \u2014 at least in some ways. The result is so-called reasoning systems like OpenAI\u2019s o1 or DeepSeek\u2019s R1.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Dr. Barto and Dr. Sutton say these systems hint at the ways machines will learn in the future. Eventually, they say, robots imbued with A.I. will learn from trial and error in the real world, as humans and animals do.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<div data-testid=\"companionColumn-4\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">\u201cLearning to control a body through reinforcement learning \u2014 that is a very natural thing,\u201d Dr. Barto said.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"\/><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- ItShrt World News -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6606220950177433\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"1882483372\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script>\r\n<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/03\/05\/technology\/turing-award-andrew-barto-richard-sutton.html\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 1977, Andrew Barto, as a researcher at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, began exploring a new theory that neurons<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10572,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39],"tags":[3593,213,792,123,3591,3592,268,3594,3589,3590],"class_list":["post-10571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-andrew-barto","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-chatgpt","tag-computers-and-the-internet","tag-etzioni","tag-oren","tag-research","tag-richard-sutton","tag-turing-award","tag-university-of-massachusetts-amherst"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Turing Award Goes to A.I. 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